ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Echovirus 11 (ECV11) is one of the most frequent non-polio enteroviruses isolated from stool samples of children with acute flaccid paralysis in north India. The present work was undertaken to study the sequence variability in the 440 bp of 5'-non-translated region of ECV11 genome using heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA). METHODS: Twelve ECV11 isolates were studied for sequence variability in the 5'-non-translated region (5'NTR) using the HMA followed by nucleotide sequencing. HMA was used to determine sequence diversity between Indian ECV11 isolates and prototype Gregory strain. HMA results were confirmed by 5'NTR nucleotide sequencing of five Indian ECV11 isolates. RESULTS: HMA results showed high genomic diversity between the prototype Gregory strain and Indian ECV11 isolates. All isolates were grouped into five different types of heteroduplex mobility patterns with respect to Gregory strain. A 440 bp 5'NTR fragment of five ECV11 isolates representing different heteroduplex patterns, was sequenced. The sequence alignment showed that 5'NTR of Indian isolates was different from prototype Gregory strain and identical to the ECV11 isolates of Finland and Hungary. Phylogenetic analysis including ECV11 isolate sequences from different parts of the world showed that Indian ECV11 isolates represented a different subgroup. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggested that the HMA could be successfully used as a preliminary screening method for sequence variability determination of enterovirus field isolates. The sequence data generated on ECV11 isolates from India will be useful for future studies of endemic genotypes of echovirus.
Subject(s)
5' Untranslated Regions , Child, Preschool , DNA/genetics , DNA, Complementary/metabolism , Enterovirus B, Human/genetics , Female , Genetic Techniques , Genome, Viral , Humans , India , Infant , Male , Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes/genetics , Phylogeny , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/pharmacology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA/metabolism , RNA, Viral , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The changes in lipid profile have long been associated with cancer because lipids play a key role in maintenance of cell integrity. AIMS: The present study evaluated alterations in plasma lipid profile in untreated head and neck cancer patients as well as patients with oral precancerous conditions (OPC) and its association with habit of tobacco consumption. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This hospital-based case control study included 184 head and neck cancer patients, 153 patients with OPC and 52 controls. Plasma lipids including: (i) Total cholesterol, (ii) LDL cholesterol (LDLC), (iii) HDL cholesterol (HDLC) (iv) VLDL cholesterol (VLDLC) and (v) triglycerides were analysed by spectrophotometric kits. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Student's t-test was performed to compare mean values of the parameters. RESULTS: A significant decrease in plasma total cholesterol and HDLC was observed in cancer patients (P=0.008 and P=0.000 respectively) as well as in patients with OPC (P=0.014 and P=0.000, respectively) as compared to the controls. The plasma VLDL and triglycerides levels were significantly lower in cancer patients as compared to the patients with OPC (P=0.04) and controls (P=0.059). The tobacco habituates showed lower plasma lipid levels than the non-habituates. Our data strengthen the evidence of an inverse relationship between plasma lipid levels and head and neck malignancies as well as OPC. CONCLUSION: The lower levels of plasma cholesterol and other lipid constituents in patients might be due to their increased utilization by neoplastic cells for new membrane biogenesis. The findings strongly warrant an in-depth study of alterations in plasma lipid profile in head neck cancer patients.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood , Case-Control Studies , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Cholesterol, VLDL/blood , Female , Head and Neck Neoplasms/blood , Humans , Leukoplakia, Oral/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Mouth Neoplasms/blood , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/blood , Precancerous Conditions/blood , Smoking/blood , Spectrophotometry , Tobacco, Smokeless , Triglycerides/bloodSubject(s)
Adolescent , Carcinoma/diagnosis , Child , Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Retrospective Studies , Survival RateABSTRACT
Usefulness of cell surface glycoprotein components as markers in early detection of cancer and in monitoring progress during treatment has been evaluated. Total sialic acid (TSA), lipid bound sialic acid (LSA) and seromucoid fractions (SF) have been compared in the sera of healthy human volunteers and patients at different stages of diagnosis and treatment of leukemia, cancer of breast, cervix, and oral cavity. The levels of TSA, LSA and SF are found to be increased in cancer and is proportionate with malignancy. Their levels show decline in patients who respond well to treatment and show increase in patients with recurrence of cancer even before any clinical evidence of recurrence is available. Changes have also been noted in the glycoprotein fractions and their ratios.